United Kingdom
The United Kingdom regularly reports hate crime data to ODIHR.
Authorities collaborate closely with civil society, including through Information Sharing Agreements concluded between the police and the Community Security Trust (CST), Galop and Tell MAMA, which enable the exchange of recorded data about incidents. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) regularly convenes the external consultation group (ECG) on hate crime together with community organizations, victim advocacy groups, academics with relevant expertise and others. ECG members scrutinize CPS policies and practices, and inform about necessary changes and improvements.
In Northern Ireland, the Department of Justice chairs a multi-agency Hate Crime Delivery Group (HCDG) to identify strategic, cross-governmental priorities and develop new approaches to dealing with hate crime. The group meets quarterly and includes representatives of government departments, criminal justice agencies and victim groups. The Department of Justice and Northern Ireland Policing Board jointly fund Policing and Community Safety Partnerships (PCSPs) to engage and consult with the local community, and work with local partners to identify and prioritize local community safety and policing issues and develop initiatives and projects to address these.
The Scotland, there is the Hate Crime Strategic Partnership Group (SPG), which brings together criminal justice agencies and civil society organizations with hate crime expertise. The SPG helped ensure a multi-agency strategic approach was taken to the development of the Hate Crime Strategy for Scotland.
The UK's College of Policing has developed guidelines for police on responding to hate crime, and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has issued relevant guidance for prosecutors and published public policy statements on particular hate crime strands.
Police and prosecution data, which cover the reporting period from April to March of the following year, are regularly published by the relevant criminal justice agencies of England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.
OFFICIAL DATA
| Year | Hate crimes recorded by police | Prosecuted | Sentenced |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | 147,447 | 296 (NI) | Not available |
| 2021 | 158,018 | 5,984 | 932 |
| 2020 | 125,848 | 16,824 | 9,510 |
| 2019 | 106,672 | 14,058 | 9,340 |
| 2018 | 111,076 | 18,055 | 10,817 |
| 2017 | 95,552 | 14,535 | 11,987 |
| 2016 | 80,763 | 20,321 | Not available |
| 2015 | 62518 | 21300 | 13103 |
| 2014 | 52853 | 4872 | 549 |
| 2013 | 47986 | 19689 | 12353 |
| 2012 | 47676 | 19205 | 10794 |
| 2011 | 50688 | 19802 | 12651 |
| 2010 | 53946 | 19342 | 11405 |
| 2009 | 58692 | 13030 | 10690 |
About 2021 Data
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Police data represent hate crimes recorded in England and Wales (155,841) and Northern Ireland (2,177). The 2021 police records on Scotland were not available at the time of publishing the 2021 Hate Crime Report. Hate crimes recorded by police include "public order offences", some of which fall outside of the OSCE's definition of hate crime. Prosecution records consists of 5,640 offences prosecuted in Scotland and 344 cases in Northern Ireland. The number of convictions consist of 816 court decisions in Scotland and 116 cases in Northern Ireland in which defendants were convicted for at least one hate crime offence.
Hate crime recorded by police
The disaggregated data below are only for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but not Scotland. The police and several civil society organizations involved in monitoring hate incidents (including the Community Security Trust, Galop and Tell MAMA) exchange data on a regular basis about recorded incidents. This data sharing is governed by Information Sharing Agreements signed by the police and each of the civil society organizations. As a result, some of the offences presented below (particularly data on anti-Semitic hate crime and hate crime motivated by intolerance against Muslims) are also included in reporting by the relevant civil society organizations elsewhere on this page.
KEY OBSERVATION
ODIHR recognizes the United Kingdom's efforts to regularly report hate crime data to ODIHR. However, it observes that the United Kingdom would benefit from raising awareness among and building the capacity of criminal justice officials to address hate crime, particularly with regard to some of the more isolated victim groups.
ODIHR recalls that in Ministerial Council Decision 9/09, OSCE participating States committed to introducing or further developing professional training and capacity-building activities for law enforcement, prosecution and judicial officials dealing with hate crimes. ODIHR stands ready to support the United Kingdom in meeting the relevant commitments through its comprehensive resources and tailored capacity-building assistance for police, prosecutors, and the judiciary.
INCIDENTS REPORTED BY OTHER SOURCES
In addition to incidents summarized below, this graph includes 386 cases of anti-Semitic incidents reported by the Community Security Trust.
Racist and xenophobic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-08 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-06 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-09 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-07 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-03 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-06 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-11 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-09 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-02 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-04 | Threats | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2021-01 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2021-07 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-09 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2021-07 | Threats | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-09 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-01 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-08 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-09 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2021-07 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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Anti-Semitic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-04 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-03 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-12 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-03 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-10 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-09 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-07 | Threats | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-07 | Threats | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-11 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-07 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-12 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2021-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2021-05 | Threats | Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic
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| 2021-07 | Threats | Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic
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| 2021-05 | Threats | OIDAC
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Anti-Muslim hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-09 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2021-02 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-03 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-05 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-01 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-02 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-05 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-05 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-06 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-05 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-06 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-05 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-07 | Attacks against property | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-04 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-06 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-08 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-08 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-11 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-08 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-09 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-06 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-01 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-06 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-12 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-07 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-12 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-10 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-07 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-10 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-11 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-10 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-09 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-09 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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Anti-Christian hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-01 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-03 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-03 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-05 | Threats | OIDAC
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| 2021-07 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2021-07 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2021-07 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-07 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-08 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-09 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-09 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2021-10 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2021-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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Other hate crime based on religion or belief
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-05 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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Gender-based hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-05 | Violent attacks against people | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-08 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-12 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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| 2021-02 | Threats | Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
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Anti-LGBTI hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021-07 | Threats | Community Security Trust (CST)
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INTERNATIONAL REPORTS
Anti-LGBTI hate crime
The Council of Europe European Commissioner for Human Rights published relevant recommendations in its "Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe Dunja Mijatović Report Following her Visit to the United Kingdom from 27 June to 1 July 2022".