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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom regularly reports hate crime data to ODIHR. The United Kingdom's hate crime laws are a combination of general penalty enhancement provisions and substantive offences. In England and Wales, hate crime data are collected and published by the Home Office, based on police data submissions. Prosecution data is collected and published by the Crown Prosecution Service. The Crime Survey of England and Wales includes regular victimization surveys to measure unreported hate crimes. In Northern Ireland, hate crime data are collected by the Police Service of Northern Ireland and the Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. In Scotland, data are collected by the Procurator Fiscal and Police Scotland. Police and prosecution data, which cover the reporting period from April to March of the following year, are regularly published.
OFFICIAL DATA
| Year | Hate crimes recorded by police | Prosecuted | Sentenced |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 125848 | 16824 | 9510 |
| 2019 | 106672 | 14058 | 9340 |
| 2018 | 111076 | 18055 | 10817 |
| 2017 | 95552 | 14535 | 11987 |
| 2016 | 80,763 | 20,321 | Not available |
| 2015 | 62518 | 21300 | 13103 |
| 2014 | 52853 | 4872 | 549 |
| 2013 | 47986 | 19689 | 12353 |
| 2012 | 47676 | 19205 | 10794 |
| 2011 | 50688 | 19802 | 12651 |
| 2010 | 53946 | 19342 | 11405 |
| 2009 | 58692 | 13030 | 10690 |
About 2020 Data
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Police data represent hate crimes recorded in England and Wales (124,091) and Northern Ireland (1,757). More than half of hate crimes recorded by police represent "public order offences", some of which fall outside of the OSCE's definition of hate crime. Prosecution data consists of 10,969 cases in England and Wales 5,525 cases in Scotland and 330 cases in Northern Ireland. The number of convictions is for England and Wales only.
Hate crime recorded by police
The disaggregated data below are only for England and Wales and for Northern Ireland. The Police and several civil society organizations involved in monitoring hate incidents (including the Community Security Trust, Galop and Tell MAMA) exchange data on a regular basis about recorded incidents. This data sharing is governed by Information Sharing Agreements signed by the Police and each of the civil society organizations. As a result, some of the information presented below (particularly data on anti-Semitic hate crime and hate crime motivated by intolerance against Muslims) is also included in reporting by the abovementioned civil society organizations elsewhere on this page.
INCIDENTS REPORTED BY OTHER SOURCES
In addition to incidents summarized below, this graph includes the following numbers of hate incidents reported as statistics: 457 reported by CST; and 45 reported by Kantor Center.
Racist and xenophobic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Threats | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-01 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
UNHCR
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020 | Threats | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-03 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-10 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-05 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-08 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-06 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-01 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-11 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-03 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-03 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-03 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-02 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-09 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Holy See
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Anti-Semitic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Threats | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-08 | Threats | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
Kantor Center
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Anti-Muslim hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020 | Threats | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-06 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-01 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-01 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-04 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-09 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-05 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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Anti-Christian hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | Holy See
OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Holy See
OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2020-09 | Threats | OIDAC
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-01 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-01 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | Holy See
OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | Holy See
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Holy See
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Other hate crime based on religion or belief
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-02 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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Disability hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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Gender-based hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Threats | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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Anti-LGBTI hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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INTERNATIONAL REPORTS
No information is available.
KEY OBSERVATION
ODIHR recognizes the United Kingdom's efforts in improving the quality of data reported to ODIHR from year to year. It observes that United Kingdom would benefit from raising the awareness and building the capacity of criminal justice officials about hate crimes, particularly with regards to some of the more isolated victim groups.
ODIHR recalls that in the Ministerial Council Decision 9/09, participating States have committed to introducing or further developing professional training and capacity-building activities for law-enforcement, prosecution and judicial officials dealing with hate crimes. ODIHR stands ready to support United Kingdom in meeting its relevant commitments through the provision of comprehensive resources and tailored capacity building assistance for police, prosecution, and judiciary.