Соединенное Королевство

Соединенное Королевство регулярно предоставляет БДИПЧ данные о преступлениях на почве ненависти. Законы Соединенного Королевства о преступлениях на почве ненависти представляют собой сочетание общих положений об ужесточении наказания и основных правонарушений. В Англии и Уэльсе данные о преступлениях на почве ненависти собираются и публикуются Министерством внутренних дел на основе данных, подаваемых полицией. Данные об уголовном преследовании собираются и публикуются Королевской прокурорской службой. Исследование преступности в Англии и Уэльсе включает регулярные исследования виктимизации для определения количества незарегистрированных преступлений на почве ненависти. В Северной Ирландии данные о преступлениях на почве ненависти собираются Полицейской службой Северной Ирландии и Государственной прокуратурой Северной Ирландии. В Шотландии данные собирают фискальная прокуратура и полиция Шотландии. Данные полиции и прокуратуры за отчетный период с апреля по март следующего года регулярно публикуются.

How hate crime data is collected in Соединенное Королевство

How hate crime data is collected in Соединенное Королевство

Преступление н почве ненависти определяется в Соединенном Королевстве как "любое уголовное деяние, которое, по мнению потерпевшего или другого лица, мотивировано враждебностью или предубеждением по отношению к кому-либо на основе личных характеристик". Это общее определение было согласовано в 2007 году полицией, Королевской прокурорской службой, тюремной службой (ныне Национальная служба по делам правонарушителей) и другими учреждениями, составляющими систему уголовного правосудия. Существует пять направлений преступлений на почве ненависти, которые отслеживаются централизовано: (i) расовая или этническая принадлежность; (ii) религия или убеждения; (iii) сексуальная ориентация; (iv) инвалидность; и (v) трансгендерная идентичность.

При регистрации преступления полиция может отметить преступление как мотивированное одним или несколькими из пяти вышеперечисленных отслеживаемых направлений (например, преступление может быть мотивировано враждебностью по отношению к расе и религии потерпевшего). В 2014 году Колледж полиции разработал оперативное руководство по борьбе с преступлениями на почве ненависти дл сил полиции, включая информацию о том, что может подпадать под определение преступлений на почве расовой ненависти. В руководстве определено, что "Преступления на почве расовой ненависти могут включать любую группу, определяемую по расе, цвету кожи, национальности, этническому или национальному происхождению, включая страны в пределах Великобритании, а также приезжих цыганского и ирландского происхождения. Сюда автоматически включаются лица, ставшие объектом преследования из-за того, что они являются соискателями убежища или беженцами, поскольку это неразрывно связано с их этнической принадлежностью и происхождением. В политике и законодательстве используется подход, основанный на правах человека, и охватываются группы как большинства, так и меньшинства". Это означает, что правонарушения с элементами ксенофобии (например, граффити, нацеленные на определенные национальности) могут быть зарегистрированы полицией как преступления на почве расовой ненависти.

Правонарушение может быть мотивировано ненавистью к признаку (черте), который не отслеживается централизованно и, следовательно, не войдет в данные, включенные в этот статистический бюллетень (например, возраст или пол). С оперативной точки зрения, такое правонарушение может расследоваться полицией как преступление на почве ненависти. Помимо регистрации общего количества преступлений на почве ненависти, полиция также собирает данные о количестве факторов мотивации по отдельным видам.

Полиция и две организации гражданского общества, участвующие в мониторинге инцидентов на почве ненависти (Community Security Trust и Tell MAMA), заключили Соглашения об обмене информацией, которые позволяют им обмениваться данными об инцидентах, зарегистрированных каждой организацией, и предоставить более целостную картину преступлений на почве ненависти.

Access more information at the Legislation Online website Legislationline TANDIS Access more information at the Tolerance and Non-Discrimination Information System (TANDIS) website

OFFICIAL DATA

Year Hate crimes recorded by police Prosecuted Sentenced
2021 158,018 5,984 932
2020 125,848 16,824 9,510
2019 106,672 14,058 9,340
2018 111,076 18,055 10,817
2017 95,552 14,535 11,987
2016 80,763 20,321 Not available
2015 62518 21300 13103
2014 52853 4872 549
2013 47986 19689 12353
2012 47676 19205 10794
2011 50688 19802 12651
2010 53946 19342 11405
2009 58692 13030 10690

About 2021 Data

    Police data represent hate crimes recorded in England and Wales (155,841) and Northern Ireland (2,177). The 2021 police records on Scotland were not available at the time of publishing the 2021 Hate Crime Report. Hate crimes recorded by police include "public order offences", some of which fall outside of the OSCE's definition of hate crime. Prosecution records consists of 5,640 offences prosecuted in Scotland and 344 cases in Northern Ireland. The number of convictions consist of 816 court decisions in Scotland and 116 cases in Northern Ireland in which defendants were convicted for at least one hate crime offence.

Hate crime recorded by police

The disaggregated data below are only for England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, but not Scotland. The police and several civil society organizations involved in monitoring hate incidents (including the Community Security Trust, Galop and Tell MAMA) exchange data on a regular basis about recorded incidents. This data sharing is governed by Information Sharing Agreements signed by the police and each of the civil society organizations. As a result, some of the offences presented below (particularly data on anti-Semitic hate crime and hate crime motivated by intolerance against Muslims) are also included in reporting by the relevant civil society organizations elsewhere on this page.

National developments

In December 2021, the Law Commission published its final recommendations on improving hate crime legislation, applicable for England and Wales, following a wide-ranging review and public consultation conducted in 2019 and 2021.

In 2021, the Police Service of Northern Ireland held a number of awareness-raising activities throughout the year on what constitutes a hate crime, how to report it and support available through the Advocacy Service. Due to COVID-19 restrictions in 2021, social media was widely used for this purpose.

The Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland provided a detailed consultation response as part of Judge Marrinan's Review of Hate Crime Legislation. The Service has also provided further responses in relation to proposed legislative changes, and continues to work closely with the Department of Justice for Northern Ireland and other stakeholders on policy development around new hate crime provisions.

In February 2021, the Scottish Government published its research report, "A Study into the Characteristics of Police Recorded Hate Crime in Scotland”, which presents updated statistics on the number of hate crimes recorded by the police in Scotland from 2014 to 2020. The study also includes the nature of hate crimes recorded by police in 2018 and 2019, including the characteristics of both victims and perpetrators.

The report showed that since reporting on 2014-15, the number of hate crimes recorded has fluctuated between 6,300 and 7,000 crimes.

In March 2021, the Scottish Parliament passed the Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Bill, which extends the list of protected characteristics to include "age" and allows a further extension to include "sex", among other changes.

INCIDENTS REPORTED BY OTHER SOURCES

In addition to incidents summarized below, this graph includes 386 cases of anti-Semitic incidents reported by the Community Security Trust.

Racist and xenophobic hate crime

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-08 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-07 Threats
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-10 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-04 Threats
OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
 Show info
2021-09 Violent attacks against people
OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
 Show info
2021-07 Violent attacks against people
OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
 Show info
2021-01 Attacks against property
OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
 Show info
2021-03 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-02 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-08 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-11 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-07 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-07 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-01 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Violent attacks against people
OIDAC
 Show info

Anti-Semitic hate crime

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-04 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-03 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-12 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-03 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-10 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-10 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-10 Violent attacks against people
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-09 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-07 Threats
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-07 Threats
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-11 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-07 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-12 Attacks against property
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info
2021-08 Violent attacks against people
OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
 Show info
2021-05 Threats
Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic
 Show info
2021-07 Threats
Federation of Jewish Communities in the Czech Republic
 Show info
2021-05 Threats
OIDAC
 Show info

Anti-Muslim hate crime

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-09 Violent attacks against people
OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
 Show info
2021-02 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-03 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-05 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-01 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-02 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-05 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-05 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-05 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-05 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-07 Attacks against property
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-04 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-08 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-08 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-10 Attacks against property
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-11 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-08 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-01 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-06 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-12 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-07 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-12 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-10 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-07 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-10 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-11 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-10 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-09 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info

Anti-Christian hate crime

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-10 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-11 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-01 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-02 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-02 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-02 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-02 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-02 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-03 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-03 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-05 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-05 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-05 Threats
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-07 Violent attacks against people
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-07 Violent attacks against people
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-07 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-07 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-08 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-09 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-09 Violent attacks against people
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-10 Violent attacks against people
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-10 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-10 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-11 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-11 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-11 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-11 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-12 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-12 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info
2021-12 Attacks against property
OIDAC
 Show info

Other hate crime based on religion or belief

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-05 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info

Gender-based hate crime

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-05 Violent attacks against people
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-08 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-12 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info
2021-02 Threats
Islamophobia Response Unit (IRU)
 Show info

Anti-LGBTI hate crime

Дата ВИД ИНЦИДЕНТА Источник Описание
2021-07 Threats
Community Security Trust (CST)
 Show info

INTERNATIONAL REPORTS

No information is available.

KEY OBSERVATION

ODIHR recognizes the United Kingdom's efforts to regularly report hate crime data to ODIHR. However, it observes that the United Kingdom would benefit from raising awareness among and building the capacity of criminal justice officials to address hate crime, particularly with regard to some of the more isolated victim groups.

ODIHR recalls that in Ministerial Council Decision 9/09, OSCE participating States committed to introducing or further developing professional training and capacity-building activities for law enforcement, prosecution and judicial officials dealing with hate crimes. ODIHR stands ready to support the United Kingdom in meeting the relevant commitments through its comprehensive resources and tailored capacity-building assistance for police, prosecutors, and the judiciary.

Our methodology