Canada
Canada regularly reports hate crime data to ODIHR. Canada's hate crime laws are a combination of a substantive offence and a general penalty-enhancement provision. Police-reported hate crime data are collected by Statistics Canada, the national statistical agency. Hate crime statistics are regularly published. Canada conducts regular victimization surveys to measure unreported hate crime.
OFFICIAL DATA
| Year | Hate crimes recorded by police | Prosecuted | Sentenced |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2669 | Not available | Not available |
| 2019 | Not available | Not available | Not available |
| 2018 | 1798 | - | - |
| 2017 | 2073 | Not available | Not available |
| 2016 | 1409 | Not available | Not available |
| 2015 | 1362 | Not available | Not available |
| 2014 | 1295 | Not available | Not available |
| 2013 | 1140 | Not available | Not available |
| 2012 | 1414 | Not available | Not available |
| 2011 | 1322 | Not available | Not available |
| 2010 | 1401 | Not available | Not available |
| 2009 | 1473 | Not available | Not available |
About 2016 Data
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This number includes crimes of "public incitement to hatred" and "advocating genocide", which are excluded from the breakdown below as they are outside the OSCE's definition of hate crime. The number here lists recorded offences – i.e. violations of law. One incident can have several such violations recorded. The breakdown below presents only the most severe violation per incident. That is why the numbers in the breakdown by bias motivation and type of crime do not add up to the total presented here.
Hate crime recorded by police
This data indicates the number of criminal incidents recorded by police in 2016. Hate crime incidents motivated by age, other factors, and unknown motivations were also recorded but are not presented here.
INCIDENTS REPORTED BY OTHER SOURCES
B'nai Brith Canada reported descriptions of incidents as well as statistical data. This explains the discrepancy between the graphic above and the incidents included below.
Racist and xenophobic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-05 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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| 2016-01 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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| 2016-07 | Attacks against property | B'nai Brith Canada
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-02 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-10 | Attacks against property | Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Anti-Semitic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-01 | Violent attacks against people | B'nai Brith Canada
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Show info |
| 2016-03 | Attacks against property | B'nai Brith Canada
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Show info |
| 2016-11 | Attacks against property | B'nai Brith Canada
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| 2016-11 | Attacks against property | Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
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| 2016-08 | Violent attacks against people | B'nai Brith Canada
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| 2016-11 | Attacks against property | Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
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| 2016-04 | Attacks against property | Anti-Defamation League (ADL)
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| 2016-12 | Attacks against property | B'nai Brith Canada
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Show info |
Anti-Muslim hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-05 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-11 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-01 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-11 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-11 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-11 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-08 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-07 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-03 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-06 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-10 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-10 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-07 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-02 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-09 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-01 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-09 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-12 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-10 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-09 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-01 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-12 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-06 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-10 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-03 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-07 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-11 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-12 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-03 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-03 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-02 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
|
Show info |
| 2016-06 | Violent attacks against people | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
|
Show info |
| 2016-02 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-04 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
| 2016-08 | Threats | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
Anti-LGBTI hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2016-03 | Attacks against property | National Council of Canadian Muslims (NCCM)
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Show info |
INTERNATIONAL REPORTS
Racist and xenophobic hate crime
In the report on its mission to Canada, the United Nations Human Rights Council's Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, observed that the prosecutors play a crucial role in requesting from judges that sentences be aggravated by racist motivation and therefore recommended improving the understanding of anti-Black racism among prosecutors and judges.
Racist and xenophobic hate crime, Anti-Muslim hate crime
In its concluding observation on periodic reports of Canada, the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) expressed concern that racist hate crimes remain under-reported and that the racist hate crime is not tracked consistently across Canada's ten provinces. CERD also expressed concern at the increase in hate crimes targeting Muslims. CERD recommended that Canada facilitate reporting by victims, ensure the effective investigation of racist hate crimes and prosecute and sanction perpetrators. It recommended that Canada should also systematically track hate crimes across the criminal justice system, train law enforcement and judges on how to recognize and register hate crimes and address the reasons for the increase in hate crime targeting Muslims.
KEY OBSERVATION
ODIHR observes that Canada has not reported to ODIHR the numbers of prosecuted hate crime cases and information on sentenced hate crime cases.