United Kingdom
The United Kingdom regularly reports hate crime data to ODIHR.
Authorities collaborate closely with civil society, including through Information Sharing Agreements concluded between the police and the Community Security Trust (CST), Galop and Tell MAMA, which enable the exchange of recorded data about incidents. The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) regularly convenes an external consultation group (ECG) on hate crime, whose members include community organizations, victim advocacy groups, academics with relevant expertise and others. ECG members scrutinize CPS policies and practices, and suggest where improvements can be made.
In Northern Ireland, the Department of Justice chairs a multi-agency Hate Crime Delivery Group (HCDG) to identify strategic, cross-governmental priorities and develop new approaches to dealing with hate crime. The group meets quarterly and includes representatives of government departments, criminal justice agencies and victim groups. The Department of Justice and Northern Ireland Policing Board jointly fund Policing and Community Safety Partnerships (PCSPs) to engage and consult with the local community, and work with local partners to identify and prioritize local community safety and policing issues and develop initiatives and projects to address these.
In Scotland, there is the Hate Crime Strategic Partnership Group (SPG), which brings together criminal justice agencies and civil society organizations with hate crime expertise. The SPG helped ensure a multi-agency strategic approach was taken to the develop the Hate Crime Strategy for Scotland. The Hate Crime and Public Order Act (Scotland) Act 2021 became an Act of Parliament on 23 April 2021. The Act was commenced on 1 April 2024.
The UK's College of Policing has developed guidelines for police on responding to hate crime, and the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) has issued relevant guidance for prosecutors and published public policy statements on particular hate crime strands.
Police and prosecution data, which cover the reporting period from April to March of the following year, are regularly published by the relevant criminal justice agencies of England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland.
OFFICIAL DATA REPORTED BY STATES
| Year | Hate crimes recorded by police | Prosecuted | Sentenced |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 148,735 | Not available | Not available |
| 2022 | 147,447 | 296 (NI) | 1,107 |
| 2021 | 158,018 | 5,984 | 932 |
| 2020 | 125,848 | 16,824 | 9,510 |
| 2019 | 106,672 | 14,058 | 9,340 |
| 2018 | 111,076 | 18,055 | 10,817 |
| 2017 | 95,552 | 14,535 | 11,987 |
| 2016 | 80,763 | 20,321 | Not available |
| 2015 | 62518 | 21300 | 13103 |
| 2014 | 52853 | 4872 | 549 |
| 2013 | 47986 | 19689 | 12353 |
| 2012 | 47676 | 19205 | 10794 |
| 2011 | 50688 | 19802 | 12651 |
| 2010 | 53946 | 19342 | 11405 |
| 2009 | 58692 | 13030 | 10690 |
About 2020 Data
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Police data represent hate crimes recorded in England and Wales (124,091) and Northern Ireland (1,757). More than half of hate crimes recorded by police represent "public order offences", some of which fall outside of the OSCE's definition of hate crime. Prosecution data consists of 10,969 cases in England and Wales 5,525 cases in Scotland and 330 cases in Northern Ireland. The number of convictions is for England and Wales only.
Hate crime recorded by police
The disaggregated data below are only for England and Wales and for Northern Ireland. The Police and several civil society organizations involved in monitoring hate incidents (including the Community Security Trust, Galop and Tell MAMA) exchange data on a regular basis about recorded incidents. This data sharing is governed by Information Sharing Agreements signed by the Police and each of the civil society organizations. As a result, some of the information presented below (particularly data on anti-Semitic hate crime and hate crime motivated by intolerance against Muslims) is also included in reporting by the abovementioned civil society organizations elsewhere on this page.
KEY OBSERVATION
ODIHR recognizes the United Kingdom's efforts in improving the quality of data reported to ODIHR from year to year. It observes that United Kingdom would benefit from raising the awareness and building the capacity of criminal justice officials about hate crimes, particularly with regards to some of the more isolated victim groups.
ODIHR recalls that in the Ministerial Council Decision 9/09, participating States have committed to introducing or further developing professional training and capacity-building activities for law-enforcement, prosecution and judicial officials dealing with hate crimes. ODIHR stands ready to support United Kingdom in meeting its relevant commitments through the provision of comprehensive resources and tailored capacity building assistance for police, prosecution, and judiciary.
INCIDENTS REPORTED BY CIVIL SOCIETY
In addition to incidents summarized below, this graph includes the following numbers of hate incidents reported as statistics: 457 reported by CST; and 45 reported by Kantor Center.
In addition to incidents summarized below, this graph includes the following numbers of hate incidents reported as statistics: 457 reported by CST; and 45 reported by Kantor Center.
In addition to incidents summarized below, this graph includes the following numbers of hate incidents reported as statistics: 457 reported by CST; and 45 reported by Kantor Center.
Racist and xenophobic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Threats/Harassment | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-01 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
UNHCR
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020 | Threats/Harassment | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-03 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-10 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-05 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-08 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-06 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-01 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-11 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-03 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-03 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-03 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-02 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-09 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Holy See
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Anti-Semitic hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Threats/Harassment | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | Community Security Trust (CST)
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| 2020-08 | Threats/Harassment | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | Community Security Trust (CST)
Kantor Center
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Anti-Muslim hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-09 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-01 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-01 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-06 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-05 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020 | Threats/Harassment | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-04 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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Anti-Christian hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | Holy See
OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-04 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Holy See
OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OIDAC
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| 2020-09 | Threats/Harassment | OIDAC
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | OIDAC
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| 2020-01 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-12 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-01 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-02 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-03 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-06 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-07 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-09 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-11 | Attacks against property | Holy See
OIDAC
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| 2020-10 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-05 | Attacks against property | Holy See
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | Holy See
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | Holy See
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Other hate crime based on religion or belief
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-02 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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Disability hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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Gender-based hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-11 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-12 | Violent attacks against people | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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| 2020-07 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-07 | Threats/Harassment | Muslim Engagement and Development (MEND)
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Show info |
Anti-LGBTI hate crime
| Date | Type of incident | Source | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-08 | Violent attacks against people | OSCE Office for Democratic Institution and Human Rights
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| 2020-10 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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| 2020-08 | Attacks against property | UNHCR
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| 2020-06 | Violent attacks against people | UNHCR
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