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Расистские и ксенофобские преступления на почве ненависти

Расизм - это предубеждение или враждебность по отношению к расе, цвету кожи, языку, национальности, национальному или этническому происхождению человека. И хотя некоторые общины особенно уязвимы, объектом расизма может стать любая этническая группа. Нетолерантный дискурс в средствах массовой информации или со стороны политиков может привести к усилению расистских настроений по отношению к мигрантам и другим меньшинствам, включая навешивание на них ответственности в периоды экономического кризиса. Ежегодный отчет БДИПЧ о преступлениях на почве ненависти в регионе ОБСЕ продемонстрировал, что расистские нападения могут принимать самые разные формы, будучи направленными против людей из различных групп по всему региону. Общими чертами для этого типа преступлений являются нападения групп правонарушителей на мигрантов и представителей этнических меньшинств, а также нанесение ущерба бизнесу и собственности, принадлежащим или связанным с устоявшимися этническими сообществами.

ОБСЕ уже давно признала угрозу международной безопасности, которую представляют собой расизм, ксенофобия и связанные с ними формы нетерпимости. Государства-участники выразили свое осуждение расовой и этнической ненависти еще в 1990 году.  На встрече Совета министров ОБСЕ в Маастрихте в 2003 году государства-участники взяли на себя обязательство бороться с преступлениями на почве ненависти, разжигаемые расистской или ксенофобной пропагандой, и публично осуждать такие преступления.
Большинство государств- участников сообщили, что они регистрируют данные о преступлениях на почве ненависти по крайней мере в одной категории, связанной с расизмом и ксенофобией, в частности "раса/цвет кожи, национальность/этническая принадлежность/национальное происхождение, гражданство или язык. Применение государствами-участниками различной политики в отношении регистрации и отчетности создает ряд проблем для БДИПЧ в ходе интерпретации и проверки полученной информации. Данные от разных государства-участников могут быть несопоставимыми, например, из-за несоответствия того, какие группы защищаются законом и отслеживаются. Кроме того, существует риск, что одни и те же данные могут дважды учитываться в общей статистике. Так, антисемитские преступления на почве ненависти могут фиксироваться отдельно или включаться в более широкую категорию преступлений на почве ненависти, совершаемых по мотивам расизма, или в обе категории. Несмотря на то, что количество НПО, подающих соответствующую информацию БДИПЧ, увеличилось, негативный опыт пострадавших от реагирования полиции, а также отсутствие у НПО возможностей отслеживать такие явления и сообщать о них усугубляют проблему занижения реальных показателей в отчетах.

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States that report

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    Австрия
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    Бельгия
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    Канада
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    Хорватия
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    Дания
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    Финляндия
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    Италия
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    Латвия
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    Литва
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    Молдова
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    Нидерланды
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    Норвегия
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    Польша
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    Испания
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    Швеция
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    Соединенное Королевство
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    Соединенные Штаты Америки
20 states

Incidents were reported on these states

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    Австрия
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    Бельгия
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    Болгария
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    Хорватия
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    Чешская Республика
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    Финляндия
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    Франция
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    Германия
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    Греция
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    Венгрия
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    Ирландия
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    Италия
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    Молдова
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    Нидерланды
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    North Macedonia
    Северная Македония
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    Норвегия
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    Польша
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    Российская Федерация
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    Сербия
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    Испания
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    Швейцария
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    Türkiye
    Турция
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    Украина
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    Соединенное Королевство
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    Соединенные Штаты Америки
25 states

International Reports

Беларусь

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) recommended that Belarus improve its criminal law on acts of discrimination and hate speech, and make racist motivation an aggravating circumstance in determining sanctions for violent crimes.

Бельгия

The three Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairperson‑in‑Office on tolerance and non‑discrim­ination made a joint visit to Belgium. Following the visit, the Personal Representatives presented their recommendations for the country, which included enhancing the relationship between law enforcement agencies and Muslim communities, police training on hate crimes and guidance on hate crime monitoring and data collection.

In its fifth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that the Belgian authorities ensure that the new regulations for collecting data on racist, homophobic and transphobic incidents are applied in practice, and that they designate a contact person responsible for monitoring racist, homophobic and transphobic crimes in each police district.

Босния и Герцеговина

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) recommended that Bosnia and Herzegovina strengthen its application of existing criminal provisions on hate speech and hate crimes.

Венгрия

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that the NGO Coalition, A Working Group Against Hate Crime, conducts regular hate crime training for police, courts and prosecutors, provides legal help and support to victims of hate crime and conducts policy advocacy to improve guidance on hate crime issued by the Minister of Interior. The Working Group also translated guidelines from the International Association of Chiefs of Police on the efficient prevention and investigation of hate crimes and made it publicly accessible on its website.

The thematic situation report on “Racism, Discrimination, Intolerance and Extremism: Learning from Experiences in Greece and Hungary”, published by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), collected and analysed information from both countries, and presented EU Member States with a number of suggested good practices in combating racism, discrimination, intolerance and extremism.

Германия

In its fifth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) reiterated its recommendation that the German authorities expressly provide in the Criminal Code that a racist motivation constitutes an aggravating circumstance. ECRI also recommended that the system for recording and following up on racist, xenophobic, homophobic and transphobic incidents be reformed in order to capture all such instances. Finally, ECRI recommended that the police and prosecution services in all federal states establish focal points for recording complaints made by vulnerable groups.

Греция

The three Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairperson‑in‑Office on tolerance and non‑discrim­ination made a joint visit to Greece. Following the visit, the Personal Representatives presented their recommendations for the country, which included police training on hate crimes.

The Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe recommended that the country use criminal sanctions against individuals, and restrict the activities of organizations, that incite intolerance or that are implicated in hate crimes. The Commissioner further recommended the continuous provision of anti-racism training for the police, coast guard, prosecutors and judges.

The thematic situation report on “Racism, Discrimination, Intolerance and Extremism: Learning from Experiences in Greece and Hungary”, published by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), collected and analysed information from both countries, and presented EU Member States with a number of suggested good practices in combating racism, discrimination, intolerance and extremism.

Дания

In his report following a country visit, the Commissioner for Human Rights of the Council of Europe encouraged the Danish authorities to pursue efforts to train the police on recording and investigating hate crimes, as well as to encourage the reporting of hate crimes by potential victims. The Commissioner also noted that disability is not included among protected characteristics under Danish hate crime law.

Испания

In a report following his visit to Spain, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance emphasized the importance of collecting data on racist offences by the police, prosecution services and the courts. The Special Rapporteur also commended Spain for creating the post of Public Prosecutor for Equal Treatment and Against Discrimination in the Supreme Court, as well as the posts of Public Prosecutors for Hate Crime and Discrimination in Madrid, Malaga, Seville and Valencia.

Кипр

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) urged Cyprus to promptly investigate, prosecute and punish perpetrators of racially-motivated attacks and prevent their occurrence in the future.

Мальта

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that the Maltese authorities collect data on the application of criminal law provisions against racism in a systematic way.

Молдова

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) expressed concern about inadequate response to hate crimes, and recommended that the police and the judiciary ensure that criminal law is effectively applied in cases of violence against persons belonging to ethnic or religious minorities.

Нидерланды

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) welcomed the introduction by the Netherlands of anonymous online hate crimes reporting. ECRI reiterated its previous recommendation that the Dutch authorities develop a consistent central system for monitoring the application of criminal law provisions against racism.

Португалия

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that Portugal provide specific training for judges, prosecutors and the police on the application of the country’s criminal law provisions against racism and racial discrimination, with a particular emphasis on recognizing racist motivations.

Российская Федерация

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that the Russian Ministry of Regional Development published "Strategy of the State National Policy of the Russian Federation for the Period through 2025" to address ‘inter-ethnic conflicts’ and strengthen ethno-cultural relations by 2020. The proposals include funding NGOs involved in the integration of migrants and introducing classroom curricula on inter-ethnic relations.

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) recommended that the Russian Federation ensure prompt action by the police, prosecutors and judiciary in investigating and punishing racially-motivated crimes, and collect and publish hate crime statistics.

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) welcomed progress achieved by the Russian Federation in a number of fields, including improvements to the criminal law, a reduction in statelessness and the targeting of ultranationalist organizations by law enforcement. It also observed a decline in the number of racist attacks. ECRI recommended that the Russian Federation revise the definition of extremism in the Federal Law on Combating Extremist Activity, to ensure that it only applies to serious cases involving hatred or violence. The law should also clearly specify the criteria to be met when declaring material "extremist".

Сан-Марино

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that San Marino amend its Criminal Code provision on aggravating factors in sentencing hate crimes, by introducing skin colour and language as protected characteristics.

Северная Македония

The Macedonian Helsinki Committee for Human Rights and the OSCE Mission to Skopje set up the "Supporting National Stakeholders in Tackling Hate Crimes and Hate Speech" project. This project's overall goal is to increase understanding and strengthen the capacity of institutional and civil society stakeholders to effectively deal with hate crime and hate speech in accordance with domestic legislation, OSCE commitments and international standards.

Словакия

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) recommended that Slovakia take action to ensure the effective investigation and prosecution of hate crimes, and that the state provide the Committee with comprehensive hate crime statistics.

Словения

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that the Slovenian authorities introduce a criminal law considering racist motivation as an aggravating circumstance for any offence. ECRI further recommended that the specific motive be recorded.

Соединенное Королевство

In its mission report on the United Kingdom, the United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent noted concerns about discrimination in various aspects of policing and the justice system in the country. The Working Group recommended that the legal framework for stop and search be amended to include requirements for reasonable suspicion for all police stops; that statistics anonymously identifying the ethnicity of persons subject to stop and search be collected and publicly reported; and that steps be taken towards increasing the number of people of African descent working in the law-enforcement and justice systems.

Украина

In its “Concluding Observations on the Seventh Periodic Report of Ukraine”, the United Nations Human Rights Committee expressed concerns about the infrequent use of Article 161 of the Criminal Code (on inciting ethnic, racial or religious animosity or hatred) and that hate crimes are instead prosecuted under hooliganism charges. The Committee recommended that the state step up efforts to investigate and properly prosecute the perpetrators of hate crimes.

Финляндия

In its fourth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that Finland reinforce training provided to members of the justice system on legislation relating to racism and racial discrimination, improve the monitoring of racist acts and ensure that racist crimes are duly punished under relevant national hate crime legislation.

Чешская Республика

In its “Concluding Observations on the Third Periodic Report of the Czech Republic”, the United Nations Human Rights Committee recommended that the Czech authorities ensure that judges, prosecutors and police officials be trained to detect hate crimes.

Швейцария

In its fifth report, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that the Swiss authorities improve their system for recording and monitoring violent incidents in order to obtain more reliable statistics on the racist, homophobic or transphobic motivation of offences.

Швеция

The United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) recommended that Sweden introduce a common and clear definition of hate crime that allows all reported hate crimes to be tracked through the justice system; replicate the establishment of police hate crime units and special investigators in all parts of the country; and extend to all parts of the country the hate crime training given to police, prosecutors and judges.

Related publications

Racist and Xenophobic hate crime
Racist and Xenophobic Hate Crime
10 February 2012
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Anti-Indigenous HC factsheet-EN
Anti-Indigenous Hate Crimes
8 November 2018
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Challenges and Perspectives on Hate Crime against Migrants
30 April 2018

Мотивы предубеждения

  • Расистские и ксенофобские преступления на почве ненависти
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  • Преступления на почве ненависти к рома
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  • Антисемитские преступления на почве ненависти
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  • Антимусульманские преступления на почве ненависти
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  • Преступление на почве ненависти в отношении христиан и представителей других религий
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  • Преступления на почве ненависти к ЛГБТИ
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  • Преступления на почве ненависти к людям с инвалидностью
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    • International Reports
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