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Racism and xenophobia

• In its report "Hate crime recording and data collection practice across the EU", the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) observed that only 15 EU states report hate crime data disaggregated by bias motivation. FRA also noted that the collection of detailed and disaggregated data on hate crime is necessary to monitor the effectiveness of the police response and to prepare effective and targeted policies.

• In its report "Challenges facing civil society organisations working on human rights in the EU", the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) recommended that states condemn hate crimes committed against civil society organizations and their members.

• In its "General policy recommendation No. 2: Equality Bodies to Combat Racism and Intolerance at the National Level", the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) recommended that equality bodies provide personal support and legal advice to people exposed to hate crime and refer these people to the competent authorities.

• In its report "Being Black in the EU", the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) recommended that states improve access to redress and support for the victims of hate crime, namely through applying the Guiding Principles relating to hate crime and victim support agreed by the EU High Level Group on combating racism, xenophobia and other forms of intolerance.

  In its report entitled "Civil society space: views of organizations", FRA recommended that states should condemn hate crimes committed against civil society organizations and their members, and collect and publish data on these hate crimes.

• In its "Conclusions on the application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights in 2017", the Council of the EU invited states to criminalize various forms of hate crime, investigate and prosecute them effectively, improve recording and collect and publish reliable data.

• In its resolution on "Minimum standards for minorities in the EU", the European Parliament called on states to design specific national plans to tackle xenophobic violence and encouraged states to set up anti-hate crime units in police services.

• In its "Recommendation to member States on the need to strengthen the protection and promotion of civil society space in Europe", the Council of Europe's Committee of Ministers recommended that states prohibit various forms of hate crime by law and conduct effective investigations into hate crime cases.

• In the "General Comment No. 36 on ICCPR Article 6", the United Nations Human Rights Committee states that states must enact effective criminal prohibitions on hate crimes, with sanctions commensurate with their gravity.

Anti-Semitism

• In its "Report on the Experiences and perceptions of antisemitism: Second survey on discrimination and hate crime against Jews in the EU", the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) recommended that states regularly monitor the prevalence of hate crime and how safe Jewish communities feel, including through victimization surveys.