None

• In his Note on Elimination of all Forms of Religious Intolerance, the United Nations Secretary-General observed that there are no human rights indicators for assessing the degree of anti-religious hate crime, and that common data standards for the collection of hate crime statistics are needed to improve understanding of the nature of hate crimes, to support victims and to develop prevention policies. The Secretary-General's note includes a definition of hate crimes that refers to "crimes motivated by animus towards individuals based on colour, nationality, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation/gender identity or other status."

Anti-Semitism, Bias against Muslims, Bias against Christians and members of other religions, Bias against Christians, Bias against members of other religions or beliefs

• The Human Rights Council, in Resolution 31/16, expressed concern over violent attacks motivated by anti-religious bias, targeting individuals belonging to religious minorities, as well as religious places, and recommended that states prevent, investigate and punish such acts.

Racism and xenophobia

• The European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) released an online compendium of good practices in addressing hate crimes.

• In its "Report on research among judicial experts on justice for hate crime victims" the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) recommended adopting a more comprehensive and co-ordinated approach to establishing support services for hate crime victims.

• In its "Fundamental Rights Report 2017", the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) emphasized the need to systematically record, collect and publish annually comparable data on hate crime, including on incidents targeting refugees, asylum seekers and migrants.

• The OSCE Supplementary Human Dimension Meeting on Policies and Strategies to further Promote Tolerance and Non-Discrimination recommended strengthening the implementation of existing OSCE commitments on hate crimes.

• In its report, the United Nations Human Rights Council's Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, recommended collecting data on hate crimes disaggregated by gender, age, race, ethnicity, migratory status, disability and other characteristics.

• In his "Report on Combating the glorification of Nazism and other practices that contribute to fuelling contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance," the United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance recommended making bias motivation an aggravating circumstance in domestic criminal law. The Special Rapporteur also called on governments to promptly investigate and prosecute hate crimes, ensure the rights of victims of hate crimes, collect disaggregated data on hate crimes, and build the capacity of civil society active in this field.

Racism and xenophobia, Anti-Semitism

• The European Parliament adopted a "Resolution on Combating Anti-Semitism," which denounced violence against European Jewish citizens and encouraged cross-border co-operation in addressing hate crime, including through the collection of reliable data.

Racism and xenophobia, Bias against Roma and Sinti

• The European Court of Human Rights, in its judgment in the Skorjanec v. Croatia case, addressing a physical assault on the wife of a Roma man, explicitly stated, for the first time, that people can still be victims of hate crime by association, even if they do not carry the targeted protected characteristic.

Racism and xenophobia, Bias against Muslims

• In their report, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance observed that fear of terrorism and racist and xenophobic speech often translate into increases in hate crimes targeting Muslims, migrants, refugees and asylum seekers. The Special Rapporteur reiterated the importance of collecting disaggregated data on hate crimes.

Bias against Roma and Sinti

• In its report on the fundamental rights aspects in Roma integration in the EU, the EU Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs called on Member States to investigate and prosecute hate crimes motivated by bias against Roma and Sinti, and to set up specialized police anti-hate crime units with the necessary knowledge of Roma and Sinti issues.

Anti-Semitism

• The plenary of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) adopted a working definition of antisemitism.

Bias against Muslims

• In its report presenting selected findings from the European Union's MiDis II survey, the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) recommended better enforcement of the relevant EU and national legislation to address widespread harassment and hate crime against first and second generation Muslim immigrants.

• In his speech to the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, the Personal Representative of the OSCE Chair-in-Office on Combating Intolerance and Discrimination against Muslims recommended that states commit to recording hate crime against Muslims as a separate disaggregated category.

Bias against other groups – People with disabilities

• In its report on the implementation of the European Disability Strategy, the EU Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs called on the European Commission to ensure that its work on improving hate crime data collection fully include disability hate crime.